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ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš

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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืž-2 ืื™ืจื•
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ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ

ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš

ืฉืขืจ

0.7 %
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ +/-
+0 %
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ %
+0 %

ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘-ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื”ื•ื 0.7 %. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘-ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื™ืจื“ ืœ-0.7 % ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 1.12.2024, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” 0.7 % ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 1.9.2024. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื™ื›ื™ื 1.3.1998 ื•-1.12.2024, ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘-ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” 2.4 %. ื”ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 1.3.2005 ืขื 4.5 %, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืฉื ื‘ืชืืจื™ืš 1.3.2020 ืขื 0.5 %.

ืžืงื•ืจ: EUROSTAT

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš

  • ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

  • ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

  • ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื

  • 25 ืฉื ื”

  • ืžืงืก

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืชืืจื™ืšืขืจืš
1.12.20240.7 %
1.9.20240.7 %
1.6.20240.8 %
1.3.20240.9 %
1.12.20230.8 %
1.9.20230.7 %
1.6.20230.7 %
1.3.20230.7 %
1.12.20220.6 %
1.9.20220.6 %
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3
4
5
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11

ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœ-ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš

ืฉืื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื“ืืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
10.88 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 10.76 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
326,223 320,516 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื
64.5 Years64.33 Yearsืฉื ืชื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืœื ืฉื™ื
64.5 Years64.33 Yearsืฉื ืชื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
88,062 83,323 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”
4.629 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 4.612 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช
389,600 398,100 ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
5.197 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 5.167 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
127.13 points118.207 pointsืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืฉื›ืจ
4.2 %4.7 %ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื”
โ€Ž-0.1 %0 %ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื‘ื˜ืœื”
4.4 %4.3 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื‘ื˜ืœืช ื ื•ืขืจ
10.4 %9.3 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
77.8 %77.8 %ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”
75.8 %75.7 %ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช
3.2 %3.3 %ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื›ืจ
49,229 CZK/Month45,464 CZK/Monthืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
47,331 CZK/Month44,000 CZK/Monthืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื
826 EUR/Month755 EUR/Monthืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืชืคื•ืงื”
111.431 points110.739 pointsืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ

ื‘ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืœืงื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 12 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื (ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื) ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ื“ืคื™ ืžืืงืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”

ืžื”ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš

ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”. ื”ืžื“ื“ ืžืกืคืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืจืžืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืžื“ื ื™ ื”ืœืž"ืก ื•ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช, ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื™-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชืขืกื•ืงืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืฉื ื”ืจืกื” ื ืืžื“ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื ื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—? ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืง, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ืขื ืคื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื—ืฆื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ืขื•ื ื™, ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืจืง ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™. ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืชื—ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืคื ืื™. ื‘ืืกืคืงื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืฉืข, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื—ืื”. ื‘ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืขืจื™ื ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•. ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ืฉื›ืจ, ื›ืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื•ืง ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ืขืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืง ื›ื•ืœื•. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืžื“ื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืื ื• ื‘ืืชืจ "eulerpool" ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžืงืจื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”. ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•.