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ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš

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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืž-2 ืื™ืจื•
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ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ

ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ืžื“ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช

ืฉืขืจ

56 Points
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ +/-
-1 Points
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ %
-1.77 %

ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘-ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื”ื•ื 56 Points. ืžื“ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘-ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื™ืจื“ ืœ-56 Points ื‘-1.1.2024, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” 57 Points ื‘-1.1.2023. ืž-1.1.1996 ืขื“ 1.1.2024, ื”ืชืž"ื’ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘-ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฆ'ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” 49.71 Points. ื”ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘-1.1.2018 ืขื 59 Points, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืฉื ื‘-1.1.2002 ืขื 37 Points.

ืžืงื•ืจ: Transparency International

ืžื“ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช

  • ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

  • ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

  • ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื

  • 25 ืฉื ื”

  • ืžืงืก

ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช

ืžื“ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืชืืจื™ืšืขืจืš
1.1.202456 Points
1.1.202357 Points
1.1.202256 Points
1.1.202154 Points
1.1.202054 Points
1.1.201956 Points
1.1.201859 Points
1.1.201757 Points
1.1.201655 Points
1.1.201556 Points
1
2
3

ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœ-ืžื“ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช

ืฉืื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื“ืืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืงืœื˜
85 persons70 personsื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืงื•ืจื•ืคืฆื™ื”
46 41 ืฉื ืชื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
567.617 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CZK365.077 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CZKื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
343.918 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CZK344.834 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CZKืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืชืž"ื’
43 % of GDP43.9 % of GDPืฉื ืชื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช
5.056 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USD4.005 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDืฉื ืชื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
476.437 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CZK296.47 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CZKื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
3.492 ื‘ื™ื•. CZK3.234 ื‘ื™ื•. CZKืฉื ืชื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™
43.6 % of GDP42.5 % of GDPืฉื ืชื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืขืจืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
โ€Ž-91.18 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CZKโ€Ž-68.608 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ CZKื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ฟ
ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
โ€Ž-2.2 % of GDPโ€Ž-3.8 % of GDPืฉื ืชื™

ืžื“ื“ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืชืคืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื• ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืชืคืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืฉืœ 0 (ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”) ืขื“ 100 (ื ืงื™ ืžืื•ื“).

ื“ืคื™ ืžืืงืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”

ืžื”ื• ืžื“ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช

ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช: ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืžื“ื“, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืžืงื™ืฃ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื•ืœื ืชื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื ืชืคืก ื›ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื•ืื™ืœื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ืืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช (Corruption Perceptions Index) ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืกืงืจื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื, ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื™ืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉืœืชื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื, ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช. ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืฉื•ืื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—. ืืš ืœื ืจืง ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ืคื’ืข ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ. ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉืœื ืฉื•ื—ื“ ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื’. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ืžืžื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื™ื•ืขื ืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœืงื“ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช. ื‘ืืชืจ eulerpool, ื”ืžืกืคืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช. ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืžื“ื“ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืจื‘-ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื“, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืืชืจ eulerpool ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื“ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.