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ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš

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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืž-2 ืื™ืจื•
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ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ

ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช

ืฉืขืจ

12.61 Trillion USD
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ +/-
+0.02 Trillion USD
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ %
+0.16 %

ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื–ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘-ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื 12.61 Trillion USD. ืžืื–ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘-ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœื” ืœ-12.61 Trillion USD ื‘-1.12.2024, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” 12.59 Trillion USD ื‘-1.9.2024. ืž-1.3.2003 ืขื“ 1.12.2024, ื”ืชืœ"ื’ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘-ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” 8.85 Trillion USD. ื”ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘-1.12.2024 ืขื 12.61 Trillion USD, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืฉื ื‘-1.3.2003 ืขื 4.94 Trillion USD.

ืžืงื•ืจ: https://www.newyorkfed.org/

ืžืื–ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช

  • ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

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  • 25 ืฉื ื”

  • ืžืงืก

ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชื

ืžืื–ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืชืืจื™ืšืขืจืš
1.12.202412.61 Trillion USD
1.9.202412.59 Trillion USD
1.6.202412.52 Trillion USD
1.3.202412.44 Trillion USD
1.12.202312.252 Trillion USD
1.9.202312.14 Trillion USD
1.6.202312.014 Trillion USD
1.3.202312.044 Trillion USD
1.12.202211.923 Trillion USD
1.9.202211.669 Trillion USD
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ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœ-ืžืื–ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช

ืฉืื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื“ืืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
50.8 points57 pointsื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืืฉืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
12.722 ื‘ื™ื•. USD12.662 ื‘ื™ื•. USDื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
0.4 %โ€Ž-0.3 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
16.273 ื‘ื™ื•. USD16.113 ื‘ื™ื•. USDืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
0.8 %0.7 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื”
22.21 ื‘ื™ื•. USD22.016 ื‘ื™ื•. USDื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื
โ€Ž-810 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ USD8.9 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™
70.5 % of GDP70.7 % of GDPืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™
4.6 %4.3 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™
617.41 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 600.53 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื™ืชืจืช ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืืฉืจืื™
1.211 Trillion USD1.166 Trillion USDืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื™ืชืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“
1.615 Trillion USD1.606 Trillion USDืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื™ืชืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืœืœืช
18.04 USD Trillion17.9 USD Trillionืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ื™ืชืจืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœืจื›ื‘
1.655 Trillion USD1.644 Trillion USDืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื“ื“ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
49.1 points49.8 pointsื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื“ื“ ืจื“ื‘ื•ืง
7.4 %6.6 %frequency_weekly
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื“ืœืง
0.82 USD/Liter0.82 USD/Literื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื YoY
โ€Ž-0.2 %0.1 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” MoM
โ€Ž-0.7 %โ€Ž-0.7 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืžืขื•ื ืื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ (MoM)
1.4 %0.2 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื ื™ืคื™ื
1.736 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USD4.562 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ื•ืช ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ืœืง ื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื
0.8 %0.8 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
0.5 %0.7 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช
4.6 %3.5 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช
7.5 %7.5 %ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืชื•ื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ
47.2 points52.6 pointsื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡บ๐Ÿ‡ธ
ืชื ืื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ
56.5 points63.8 pointsื—ื•ื“ืฉื™

ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืคืื ืœ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™, ืžืขืจืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืืฉืจืื™ ืฆืจื›ื ื™. ืคืื ืœ ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ ืžืกืคืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืื ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืฉื ืช 1999 ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกืคืง ืžื“ื’ื ืืงืจืื™, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ 5% ืžื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื“ื•ื— ืืฉืจืื™.

ื“ืคื™ ืžืืงืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ ืืžืจื™ืงื”

ืžื”ื• ืžืื–ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช

ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ "ืžืื–ื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช" ื‘ืืชืจ ืื•ืœืจื•ื™ืงืœ, ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™. ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื, ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”. ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘. ืžืืงื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืง ืขืฆื•ื, ืฉืžืื’ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืืชืจื ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™, ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื“ื™ืฉ. ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื "ืžืื–ื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช" ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช, ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจืขื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ืฆืขื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืื. ื”ื‘ื ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืžืืงืจื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื’ื ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืื–ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืฉื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืžืชืื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืข. ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื”ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™, ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื›ืœื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช. ื‘ืืชืจ ืื•ืœืจื•ื™ืงืœ, ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช. ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื•ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ "ืžืื–ื ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช" ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืคืง ืžื‘ื˜ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืขื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืื•ืœืจื•ื™ืงืœ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื• ืขืกืง ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื™, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื ืฃ ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืคืื–ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืื ื• ื’ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื•ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™.