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ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš

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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืž-2 ืื™ืจื•
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ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ
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ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’)

ืฉืขืจ

2.5 % of GDP
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ +/-
-8 % of GDP
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ %
-123.08 %

ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ื‘-ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ื 2.5 % of GDP. ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ื‘-ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื™ืจื“ ืœ-2.5 % of GDP ื‘-1.1.2023, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” 10.5 % of GDP ื‘-1.1.2022. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1.1.1992 ืœ-1.1.2023, ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืชืž"ื’ ื‘-ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื” 5.2 % of GDP. ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘-1.1.2000 ืขื 18 % of GDP, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืฉื ื‘-1.1.1992 ืขื โ€Ž-1.4 % of GDP.

ืžืงื•ืจ: Central Bank of Russia

ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’)

  • ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

  • ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

  • ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื

  • 25 ืฉื ื”

  • ืžืงืก

ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™

ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืชืืจื™ืšืขืจืš
1.1.20232.5 % of GDP
1.1.202210.5 % of GDP
1.1.20216.6 % of GDP
1.1.20202.4 % of GDP
1.1.20194 % of GDP
1.1.20186.9 % of GDP
1.1.20172 % of GDP
1.1.20161.9 % of GDP
1.1.20154.9 % of GDP
1.1.20142.7 % of GDP
1
2
3

ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœ-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’)

ืฉืื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื“ืืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช
๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ
ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ื˜ืจื•ืจ
6.267 Points3.016 Pointsืฉื ืชื™
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ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช
1.823 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDโ€Ž-2.057 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ื–ืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ
13.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USD15.153 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ื—ื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฅ
312.4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USD290.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ื™ื‘ื•ืื™ื
20.387 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USD22.089 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
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ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืคื˜ ื’ื•ืœืžื™
9,805 BBL/D/1K9,784 BBL/D/1Kื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
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ื™ืฆื•ืื™ื
30.888 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USD29.248 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
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ืžืื’ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘
2,335.85 Tonnes2,335.85 Tonnesืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืžืื–ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™
7.159 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USD10.091 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDื—ื•ื“ืฉื™
๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ
ืžืื–ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื
19.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USD4.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ USDืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
๐Ÿ‡ท๐Ÿ‡บ
ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืง
1.269 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ SIPRI TIV2.603 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ SIPRI TIVืฉื ืชื™

ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ืžืกืคืง ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืจืžืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ, ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื•ื, ืขื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืืš ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื—ืœืฉ. ืžื ื’ื“, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื ื—ื–ืง, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื“ืคื™ ืžืืงืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”

ืžื”ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’)

ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ืื• ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืชื•ืฆืจ (Current Account to GDP), ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžืืงืจื•ึพื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•, Eulerpool, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืœืกืคืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืืงืจื•ึพื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช. ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื. ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคืš. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืฆืจ, ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (GDP), ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ื—ื–ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื•ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฆื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื‘ืืชืจ Eulerpool ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื•ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™. ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืคื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื”, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื•. ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื’ื ืžืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืกื—ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืŸ ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ ื”ื–ื”. ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื›ืจืช ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช. ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื’ื™ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื™ืชืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื‘-Eulerpool, ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื. ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื• ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืืงืจื•ึพื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžื“ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช. ื‘-Eulerpool, ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชื— ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง, ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช.