Earnings-Based Fair Value

Calculated by multiplying the current earnings per share (EPS) by the average historical P/E ratio over a selected multi-year period. The smoothing over several years filters out temporary spikes or dips. If this fair value exceeds the market price, it suggests the stock is cheap relative to its earning power.

Example: Fair Value (Earnings) 2022 = EPS 2022 × Average P/E 2019–2021

Revenue-Based Fair Value

Derived by multiplying revenue per share by the average historical price-to-sales ratio. This method is particularly useful for companies with volatile or temporarily depressed earnings, as revenue tends to be more stable than profits. It answers: "At what price has the market historically valued each dollar of this company's sales?"

Example: Fair Value (Revenue) 2022 = Revenue per Share 2022 × Average P/S 2019–2021

Dividend-Based Fair Value

Calculated by dividing the dividend per share by the average historical dividend yield. This approach is most relevant for mature, consistently dividend-paying companies. If the resulting fair value is higher than the current price, it implies the stock offers a better yield than its historical average.

Example: Fair Value (Dividend) 2022 = Dividend per Share 2022 ÷ Average Yield 2019–2021

How to Use This Chart

When all three fair value lines converge above the current price, it strengthens the case that the stock is undervalued. When they diverge, investigate why — it may indicate a structural shift in margins, payout policy, or growth rate. The forward estimates on the right extend the analysis using projected fundamentals, helping you assess whether the current price already reflects future growth expectations.